Social Support, Resilience and Subjective Well-being in College Students
Main Article Content
Keywords
Perceived social support, Resilience, Subjective well-being, Reliability, Validity, Turkish validation
Abstract
Social support has been linked to numerous adaptive psychosocial health outcomes. The Brief Perceived Social Support Questionnaire (BPSSQ) is a newly developed measure of general social support. This study aimed to test the psychometric properties and dimensionality of the BPSSQ in Turkish language and tested the mediating effect of resilience in the relationship between social support and satisfaction with life. Participants included 202 college students (69.3% females), with a mean age of 22.58 years (SD=1.26) who completed online measures of social support, resilience, and satisfaction with life. As expected, the BPSSQ provided a one-factor structure with a satisfactory internal consistency. Social support significantly predicted resilience and satisfaction with life. Resilience also predicted satisfaction with life. Furthermore, the results supported the hypothesis of mediating role of resilience in the relationship between social support and satisfaction with life. These results are important in terms of providing evidence of the underlying mechanism between social support and satisfaction with life. Future intervention efforts aimed at increasing social support and satisfaction with life may benefit from resilience.
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References
Ali, A., Deuri, S. P., Deuri, S. K., Jahan, M., Singh, A. R., & Verma, A. N. (2010). Perceived social support and life satisfaction in persons with somatization disorder. Industrial Psychiatry Journal, 19(2), 115-118.
Arslan, G. (2016). Psychological maltreatment, emotional and behavioral problems in adolescents: The mediating role of resilience and self-esteem. Child Abuse & Neglect, 52, 200-209.
Arslan, G., Y?ld?r?m, M., & Wong, P. T. P. (2020). Meaningful living, resilience, affective balance, and psychological health problems during COVID-19, PsyArXiv, 1-31, doi:10.31234/osf.io/wsr3e
Bonanno, G.A. (2008). Loss, trauma, and human resilience: Have we underestimated the human capacity to thrive after extremely aversive events? American Psychologist, 59(1), 20-28.
Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator distinction in social psychological research: conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1173– 1182.
Bennett, S. J., Perkins, S. M., Lane, K. A., Deer, M., Brater, D. C., & Murray, M. D. (2001). Social support and health-related quality of life in chronic heart failure patients. Quality of Life Research, 10(8), 671-682.
Bloom, J. R., Stewart, S. L., Johnston, M., Banks, P., & Fobair, P. (2001). Sources of support and the physical and mental well-being of young women with breast cancer. Social Science & Medicine, 53(11), 1513-1524.
Brislin, R. W. (1970). Back-translation for cross-cultural research. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 1(3), 185-216.
Cao, Q., & Zhou, Y. (2019). Association between social support and life satisfaction among people with substance use disorder: the mediating role of resilience. Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse, 1-13. doi:10.1080/15332640.2019.1657545
Castellá Sarriera, J., Bedin, L., Tiago Calza, D. A., & Casas, F. (2015). Relationship between social support, life satisfaction and subjective well-being in Brazilian adolescents. Universitas Psychologica, 14(2), 459-474.
Chioqueta, A. P., & Stiles, T. C. (2007). The relationship between psychological buffers, hopelessness, and suicidal ideation: identification of protective factors. Crisis: The Journal of Crisis Intervention and Suicide Prevention, 28(2), 67-73.
Connor, K. M., & Davidson, J. R. T. (2003). Development of a new resilience scale: The Connor–Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC). Depression and Anxiety, 18, 76-82.
Diener, E. (1984). Subjective well-being. Psychological Bulletin, 95(3), 542–575. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.95.3.542
Diener, E., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The satisfaction with life scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49(1), 71-75. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa4901_13
Diener, E., Suh, E., Lucas, R., & Smith, H. (1999). Subjective well-being: Three decades of progress. Psychological Bulletin, 125(2), 276-302.
Do?an, T. (2015). Adaptation of the Brief Resilience Scale into Turkish: A validity and reliability study. The Journal of Happiness & Well-Being, 3(1), 93-102.
Durak, M., Senol-Durak, E., & Gencoz, T. (2010). Psychometric properties of the Satisfaction with Life Scale among Turkish university students, correctional officers, and elderly adults. Social Indicators Research, 99(3), 413-429. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-010-9589-4
Ergh, T. C., Hanks, R. A., Rapport, L. J., & Coleman, R. D. (2003). Social support moderates caregiver life satisfaction following traumatic brain injury. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 25(8), 1090-1101.
Fredrickson, B. L., Tugade, M. M., Waugh, C. E., & Larkin, G. R. (2003). What good are positive emotions in crisis? A prospective study of resilience and emotions following the terrorist attacks on the United States on September 11th, 2001. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(2), 365-376.
Fydrich, T., Geyer, M., Hessel, A., Sommer, G., & Brähler, E. (1999). Fragebogen zur sozialen Unterstützung (F-SozU): Normierung an einer repräsentativen Stichprobe [Social support questionnaire (F-SozU): Standardization on a representative sample]. Diagnostica, 45, 212–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1026//0012-1924.45.4.212
Henry, A., Tourbah, A., Camus, G., Deschamps, R., Mailhan, L., Castex, C., Gout, O., & Montreuil, M. (2019). Anxiety and depression in patients with multiple sclerosis: The mediating effects of perceived social support. Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders, 27, 46-51.
Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 1–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
Kansky, J., & Diener, E. (2017). Benefits of well-being: Health, social relationships, work, and resilience. Journal of Positive School Psychology, 1(2), 129-169.
Kliem, S., Mößle, T., Rehbein, F., Hellmann, D. F., Zenger, M., & Brähler, E. (2015). A brief form of the Perceived Social Support Questionnaire (F-SozU) was developed, validated, and standardized. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 68(5), 551-562.
Kline, R. B. (2005). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (2nd ed.). Guilford Press.
Lambert, N. M., Fincham, F. D., Stillman, T. F., & Dean, L. R. (2009). More gratitude, less materialism: The mediating role of life satisfaction. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 4(1), 32-42.
Lin, M., Hirschfeld, G., & Margraf, J. (2019). Brief form of the Perceived Social Support Questionnaire (F-SozU K-6): Validation, norms, and cross-cultural measurement invariance in the USA, Germany, Russia, and China. Psychological Assessment, 31(5), 609-621.
Liu, J. C., Chang, L. Y., Wu, S. Y., & Tsai, P. S. (2015). Resilience mediates the relationship between depression and psychological health status in patients with heart failure: a cross-sectional study. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 52(12), 1846-1853.
Liu, J. J., Reed, M., & Girard, T. A. (2017). Advancing resilience: An integrative, multi-system model of resilience. Personality and Individual Differences, 111, 111-118.
Mahanta, D., & Aggarwal, M. (2013). Effect of perceived social support on life satisfaction of university students. European Academic Research, 1(6), 1083-1094.
Nunnaly, J. (1978). Psychometric Theory. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
Ozbay, F., Johnson, D. C., Dimoulas, E., Morgan III, C. A., Charney, D., & Southwick, S. (2007). Social support and resilience to stress: from neurobiology to clinical practice. Psychiatry (Edgmont), 4(5), 35-40.
Pietrzak, R. H., Johnson, D. C., Goldstein, M. B., Malley, J. C., Rivers, A. J., Morgan, C. A., & Southwick, S. M. (2010). Psychosocial buffers of traumatic stress, depressive symptoms, and psychosocial difficulties in veterans of Operations Enduring Freedom and Iraqi Freedom: the role of resilience, unit support, and postdeployment social support. Journal of Affective Disorders, 120(1-3), 188-192.
Seligman, M. E. P. (2005). Positive psychology, positive prevention, and positive therapy. In C.R.Synder ve S. Lopez, (Eds.), Handbook of positive psychology (pp. 3-9). New York: Oxford University Press, Inc.
?ahin, D. S., Özer, Ö., & Yanarda?, M. Z. (2019). Perceived social support, quality of life and satisfaction with life in elderly people. Educational Gerontology, 45(1), 69-77.
Schwarzer, R., Knoll, N., & Rieckmann, N. (2004). Social support. In A. Kaptein & J.Weinman (Eds.), Health psychology (pp. 158–182). Oxford, England: Blackwell.
Smith, B. W., Dalen, J., Wiggins, K., Tooley, E., Christopher, P., & Bernard, J. (2008). The Brief Resilience Scale: Assessing the ability to bounce back. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 15(3), 194-200. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705500802222972
Sobel, M. E. (1982). Asymptotic confidence intervals for indirect effects in structural equation models. In S. Leinhardt (Ed.), Sociological methodology (pp. 290–312). Washington DC: American Sociological Association.
Wang, H. H., Wu, S. Z., & Liu, Y. Y. (2003). Association between social support and health outcomes: a meta?analysis. The Kaohsiung Journal of Medical Sciences, 19(7), 345-350.
Wolf, E. J., Miller, M. W., Sullivan, D. R., Amstadter, A. B., Mitchell, K. S., Goldberg, J., & Magruder, K. M. (2018). A classical twin study of PTSD symptoms and resilience: Evidence for a single spectrum of vulnerability to traumatic stress. Depression and Anxiety, 35(2), 132-139.
Yadav, S. (2010). Perceived social support, hope, and quality of life of persons living with HIV/AIDS: a case study from Nepal. Quality of Life Research, 19(2), 157-166.
Yildirim, M. (2019). Mediating role of resilience in the relationships between fear of happiness and affect balance, satisfaction with life, and flourishing. Europe’s Journal of Psychology, 15(2), 183-198.
Yildirim, M., & Alanazi, Z. S. (2018). Gratitude and life satisfaction: Mediating role of perceived stress. International Journal of Psychological Studies, 10(3), 21-28.
Yildirim, M., & Arslan, G. (2020). Exploring the associations between resilience, dispositional hope, subjective well-being, and psychological health among adults during early stage of COVID-19, PsyArXiv, 1-27. Doi: 10.31234/osf.io/vpu5q
Y?ld?r?m, M., Arslan, G., & Özaslan, A. (2020). Perceived risk and mental health problems among healthcare professionals during COVID-19 Pandemic: Exploring the mediating effects of resilience and coronavirus fear, PsyArXiv, 1-25, doi:10.31234/osf.io/84xju
Yildirim, M., & Belen, H. (2019). The role of resilience in the relationships between externality of happiness and subjective well-being and flourishing: A structural equation model approach. Journal of Positive School Psychology, 3(1), 62-76.
Y?ld?r?m, M. & Solmaz, F. (2020). Testing a Turkish Adaption of the Brief Psychological Adjustment Scale and Assessing the Relation to Mental Health. Psikoloji Çal??malar?, 40(2), 1-23.
Arslan, G. (2016). Psychological maltreatment, emotional and behavioral problems in adolescents: The mediating role of resilience and self-esteem. Child Abuse & Neglect, 52, 200-209.
Arslan, G., Y?ld?r?m, M., & Wong, P. T. P. (2020). Meaningful living, resilience, affective balance, and psychological health problems during COVID-19, PsyArXiv, 1-31, doi:10.31234/osf.io/wsr3e
Bonanno, G.A. (2008). Loss, trauma, and human resilience: Have we underestimated the human capacity to thrive after extremely aversive events? American Psychologist, 59(1), 20-28.
Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator distinction in social psychological research: conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1173– 1182.
Bennett, S. J., Perkins, S. M., Lane, K. A., Deer, M., Brater, D. C., & Murray, M. D. (2001). Social support and health-related quality of life in chronic heart failure patients. Quality of Life Research, 10(8), 671-682.
Bloom, J. R., Stewart, S. L., Johnston, M., Banks, P., & Fobair, P. (2001). Sources of support and the physical and mental well-being of young women with breast cancer. Social Science & Medicine, 53(11), 1513-1524.
Brislin, R. W. (1970). Back-translation for cross-cultural research. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 1(3), 185-216.
Cao, Q., & Zhou, Y. (2019). Association between social support and life satisfaction among people with substance use disorder: the mediating role of resilience. Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse, 1-13. doi:10.1080/15332640.2019.1657545
Castellá Sarriera, J., Bedin, L., Tiago Calza, D. A., & Casas, F. (2015). Relationship between social support, life satisfaction and subjective well-being in Brazilian adolescents. Universitas Psychologica, 14(2), 459-474.
Chioqueta, A. P., & Stiles, T. C. (2007). The relationship between psychological buffers, hopelessness, and suicidal ideation: identification of protective factors. Crisis: The Journal of Crisis Intervention and Suicide Prevention, 28(2), 67-73.
Connor, K. M., & Davidson, J. R. T. (2003). Development of a new resilience scale: The Connor–Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC). Depression and Anxiety, 18, 76-82.
Diener, E. (1984). Subjective well-being. Psychological Bulletin, 95(3), 542–575. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.95.3.542
Diener, E., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The satisfaction with life scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49(1), 71-75. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa4901_13
Diener, E., Suh, E., Lucas, R., & Smith, H. (1999). Subjective well-being: Three decades of progress. Psychological Bulletin, 125(2), 276-302.
Do?an, T. (2015). Adaptation of the Brief Resilience Scale into Turkish: A validity and reliability study. The Journal of Happiness & Well-Being, 3(1), 93-102.
Durak, M., Senol-Durak, E., & Gencoz, T. (2010). Psychometric properties of the Satisfaction with Life Scale among Turkish university students, correctional officers, and elderly adults. Social Indicators Research, 99(3), 413-429. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-010-9589-4
Ergh, T. C., Hanks, R. A., Rapport, L. J., & Coleman, R. D. (2003). Social support moderates caregiver life satisfaction following traumatic brain injury. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 25(8), 1090-1101.
Fredrickson, B. L., Tugade, M. M., Waugh, C. E., & Larkin, G. R. (2003). What good are positive emotions in crisis? A prospective study of resilience and emotions following the terrorist attacks on the United States on September 11th, 2001. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(2), 365-376.
Fydrich, T., Geyer, M., Hessel, A., Sommer, G., & Brähler, E. (1999). Fragebogen zur sozialen Unterstützung (F-SozU): Normierung an einer repräsentativen Stichprobe [Social support questionnaire (F-SozU): Standardization on a representative sample]. Diagnostica, 45, 212–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1026//0012-1924.45.4.212
Henry, A., Tourbah, A., Camus, G., Deschamps, R., Mailhan, L., Castex, C., Gout, O., & Montreuil, M. (2019). Anxiety and depression in patients with multiple sclerosis: The mediating effects of perceived social support. Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders, 27, 46-51.
Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 1–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
Kansky, J., & Diener, E. (2017). Benefits of well-being: Health, social relationships, work, and resilience. Journal of Positive School Psychology, 1(2), 129-169.
Kliem, S., Mößle, T., Rehbein, F., Hellmann, D. F., Zenger, M., & Brähler, E. (2015). A brief form of the Perceived Social Support Questionnaire (F-SozU) was developed, validated, and standardized. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 68(5), 551-562.
Kline, R. B. (2005). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (2nd ed.). Guilford Press.
Lambert, N. M., Fincham, F. D., Stillman, T. F., & Dean, L. R. (2009). More gratitude, less materialism: The mediating role of life satisfaction. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 4(1), 32-42.
Lin, M., Hirschfeld, G., & Margraf, J. (2019). Brief form of the Perceived Social Support Questionnaire (F-SozU K-6): Validation, norms, and cross-cultural measurement invariance in the USA, Germany, Russia, and China. Psychological Assessment, 31(5), 609-621.
Liu, J. C., Chang, L. Y., Wu, S. Y., & Tsai, P. S. (2015). Resilience mediates the relationship between depression and psychological health status in patients with heart failure: a cross-sectional study. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 52(12), 1846-1853.
Liu, J. J., Reed, M., & Girard, T. A. (2017). Advancing resilience: An integrative, multi-system model of resilience. Personality and Individual Differences, 111, 111-118.
Mahanta, D., & Aggarwal, M. (2013). Effect of perceived social support on life satisfaction of university students. European Academic Research, 1(6), 1083-1094.
Nunnaly, J. (1978). Psychometric Theory. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
Ozbay, F., Johnson, D. C., Dimoulas, E., Morgan III, C. A., Charney, D., & Southwick, S. (2007). Social support and resilience to stress: from neurobiology to clinical practice. Psychiatry (Edgmont), 4(5), 35-40.
Pietrzak, R. H., Johnson, D. C., Goldstein, M. B., Malley, J. C., Rivers, A. J., Morgan, C. A., & Southwick, S. M. (2010). Psychosocial buffers of traumatic stress, depressive symptoms, and psychosocial difficulties in veterans of Operations Enduring Freedom and Iraqi Freedom: the role of resilience, unit support, and postdeployment social support. Journal of Affective Disorders, 120(1-3), 188-192.
Seligman, M. E. P. (2005). Positive psychology, positive prevention, and positive therapy. In C.R.Synder ve S. Lopez, (Eds.), Handbook of positive psychology (pp. 3-9). New York: Oxford University Press, Inc.
?ahin, D. S., Özer, Ö., & Yanarda?, M. Z. (2019). Perceived social support, quality of life and satisfaction with life in elderly people. Educational Gerontology, 45(1), 69-77.
Schwarzer, R., Knoll, N., & Rieckmann, N. (2004). Social support. In A. Kaptein & J.Weinman (Eds.), Health psychology (pp. 158–182). Oxford, England: Blackwell.
Smith, B. W., Dalen, J., Wiggins, K., Tooley, E., Christopher, P., & Bernard, J. (2008). The Brief Resilience Scale: Assessing the ability to bounce back. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 15(3), 194-200. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705500802222972
Sobel, M. E. (1982). Asymptotic confidence intervals for indirect effects in structural equation models. In S. Leinhardt (Ed.), Sociological methodology (pp. 290–312). Washington DC: American Sociological Association.
Wang, H. H., Wu, S. Z., & Liu, Y. Y. (2003). Association between social support and health outcomes: a meta?analysis. The Kaohsiung Journal of Medical Sciences, 19(7), 345-350.
Wolf, E. J., Miller, M. W., Sullivan, D. R., Amstadter, A. B., Mitchell, K. S., Goldberg, J., & Magruder, K. M. (2018). A classical twin study of PTSD symptoms and resilience: Evidence for a single spectrum of vulnerability to traumatic stress. Depression and Anxiety, 35(2), 132-139.
Yadav, S. (2010). Perceived social support, hope, and quality of life of persons living with HIV/AIDS: a case study from Nepal. Quality of Life Research, 19(2), 157-166.
Yildirim, M. (2019). Mediating role of resilience in the relationships between fear of happiness and affect balance, satisfaction with life, and flourishing. Europe’s Journal of Psychology, 15(2), 183-198.
Yildirim, M., & Alanazi, Z. S. (2018). Gratitude and life satisfaction: Mediating role of perceived stress. International Journal of Psychological Studies, 10(3), 21-28.
Yildirim, M., & Arslan, G. (2020). Exploring the associations between resilience, dispositional hope, subjective well-being, and psychological health among adults during early stage of COVID-19, PsyArXiv, 1-27. Doi: 10.31234/osf.io/vpu5q
Y?ld?r?m, M., Arslan, G., & Özaslan, A. (2020). Perceived risk and mental health problems among healthcare professionals during COVID-19 Pandemic: Exploring the mediating effects of resilience and coronavirus fear, PsyArXiv, 1-25, doi:10.31234/osf.io/84xju
Yildirim, M., & Belen, H. (2019). The role of resilience in the relationships between externality of happiness and subjective well-being and flourishing: A structural equation model approach. Journal of Positive School Psychology, 3(1), 62-76.
Y?ld?r?m, M. & Solmaz, F. (2020). Testing a Turkish Adaption of the Brief Psychological Adjustment Scale and Assessing the Relation to Mental Health. Psikoloji Çal??malar?, 40(2), 1-23.
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Sep 20, 2020
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Yıldırım, M., & Çelik Tanrıverdi, F. . (2020). Social Support, Resilience and Subjective Well-being in College Students. Journal of Positive School Psychology, 5(2), 127–135. https://doi.org/10.47602/jpsp.v5i2.229
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Author Biographies
Murat Yıldırım, Ağrı İbrahim Çeçen University, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Ağrı
Department of Psychology
Fatma Çelik Tanrıverdi, Düzce University, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Düzce, Turkey
Department of Psychology